Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Articles

Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): ILN Journal: Indian Literary Narratives

From Sati to Establishing the Tinnevelly Church: Women Empowerment and Social Reformation in Madhaviah’s Clarinda

Submitted
13 January 2026
Published
2026-03-30

Abstract

The Clarinda Church at Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, South India, holds a history that is overlooked in regional historiography. It is built on the roots of early feminism and women empowerment when a woman named Clavirunda Bai of Tanjore, the widow of a Maratha Brahmin, was saved from the practice of Sati by an English Officer named Henry Lyttelton, who took her to Palamcottah (today’s Palayamkottai) in the erstwhile Tinnevelly District of the Madras Presidency. Embracing the universal values of Christianity, Clavirunda Bai gets baptised by the German Protestant missionary Christian Friedrich Schwartz of the English Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK). Her name is registered in the Palamcotta Church Register of 1780 as Clorinda or Clarinda. She goes on to build a church, which is known to date by her name, offering solace to the desolate. Clarinda Church is known to be “the first Church erected in connection with the Tinnevelly Mission” (Caldwell). She is known for her service in the region by building schools and wells and mobilising women. Novelist A. Madhaviah fictionalises this historical account in his 1915 novel Clarinda: A Historical Novel. The present paper analyses the aspects of women empowerment and social reformation in the novel, where the protagonist escapes Sati and is empowered and empowers people through education.

References

  1. Caldwell, Robert. Records of the Early History of the Tinnevelly Mission of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Higginbotham and Co., 1881.
  2. Christadoss, D. A. கிளாரிந்தா: திருநெல்வேலி திருச்சபையின் தாய் [Clarinda: Mother of the Church in Tirunelveli]. 1977. 2nd ed., Tinnevelly Christian Historical Society, 2022.
  3. Daughrity, Dyron B. “A Brief History of Missions in Tirunelveli: From the Beginnings to Its Creation as a Diocese in 1896.” Indian Journal of Theology, vol. 46, 2004, pp. 67–81.
  4. Dhivya, M. Spread of Protestantism in Tirunelveli District. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, 2013.
  5. Frykenberg, Robert Eric. Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present. Oxford UP, 2008.
  6. Madan, Anjali. “History of Sati Pratha.” reflections.live, https://reflections.live/articles/12839/history-of-sati-pratha-article-by-anjali-madan-22478-mb6nyrcg.html. Accessed 10 Sept. 2025.
  7. Madhaviah, A. Clarinda: A Historical Novel. 1915. Nanbar Vattam, 1992.
  8. Roy, Ranjit. “The Practice of ‘Sati’: A Historical and Socio-cultural Analysis.” International Journal of History, vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 2025, pp. 95–97. https://doi.org/10.22271/27069109.2025.v7.i1b.356.
  9. Robinson, Yoshua. Interview. Conducted by Mizpah R, 8 Aug. 2025.
  10. Senega, M. Manic. Historicity and Textuality in Madhaviah’s Clarinda: A Study. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, 2022.
  11. Viswanathan, S. “Portrait of a Novelist as a Social Reformer.” Frontline, 26 Aug. 2005, https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205905.ece.
  12. Waha, Kristen Bergman. “Synthesizing Hindu and Christian Ethics in A. Madhaviah’s Indian English Novel Clarinda (1915).” Victorian Literature and Culture, vol. 46, no. 1, Mar. 2018, pp. 237–55. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1060150317000419.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.